J & J Auto Pearl River Ny Bad Reviews
| J | |
|---|---|
| J j ȷ | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing arrangement | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | [j] [dʒ]~[tʃ] [x~h] [ʒ] [ɟ] [ʝ] [dz] [tɕ] [gʱ] [t]~[dʑ] [ʐ] [ʃ] [c̬] [i] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+004A, U+006A, U+0237 |
| Alphabetical position | 10 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time menstruum | 1524 to present |
| Descendants | • Ɉ • Tittle • J |
| Sisters | І Ј י ي ܝ ی ࠉ 𐎊 ዪ Ⴢ ⴢ ჲ ☞ ☚ |
| Variations | (Come across below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | j(x), ij |
J, or j, is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its usual proper name in English is jay (pronounced ), with a at present-uncommon variant jy .[1] [2] When used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the y sound, it may exist called yod or jod (pronounced or ).[3]
History [edit]
Children's book from 1743, showing I and J considered as the same letter
The letter J used to be used as the swash alphabetic character I, used for the alphabetic character I at the cease of Roman numerals when following some other I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral twenty-3. A distinctive usage emerged in Heart High High german.[4] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J equally representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[five] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the aforementioned letter of the alphabet, both as representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; nevertheless, Romance languages adult new sounds (from one-time /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to exist represented every bit 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial audio in the English linguistic communication word "yet").
Pronunciation and use [edit]
| Most common pronunciation: /j/ Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Dialect(due south) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environs | Notes |
| Afrikaans | /j/ | |||
| Albanian | /j/ | |||
| Standard arabic | Standard; virtually dialects | /dʒ/ | Latinization | |
| Gulf | /j/ | Latinization | ||
| Sudanese, Omani, Yemeni | /ɟ/ | Latinization | ||
| Levantine, Maghrebi | /ʒ/ | Latinization | ||
| Azerbaijani | /ʒ/ | |||
| Basque[6] | Bizkaian | /dʒ/ | ||
| Lapurdian | /j/ | besides used in southwest Bizkaian | ||
| Low Navarrese | /ɟ/ | likewise used in south Lapurdian | ||
| High Navarrese | /ʃ/ | |||
| Gipuzkoan | /10/ | also used in due east Bizkaian | ||
| Zuberoan | /ʒ/ | |||
| Catalan | /ʒ/ or /dʒ/ | |||
| Czech | /j/ | |||
| Danish | /j/ | |||
| Dutch | /j/ | |||
| English | /dʒ/ | |||
| Esperanto | /j/ | |||
| Estonian | /j/ | |||
| Filipino | /dʒ/ | English loan words | ||
| /h/ | Spanish loan words | |||
| Finnish | /j/ | |||
| French | /ʒ/ | |||
| German | /j/ | |||
| Greenlandic | /j/ | |||
| Hindi | /dʒ/ | |||
| Hokkien | /dz/~/dʑ/ | |||
| /z/~/ʑ/ | ||||
| Hungarian | /j/ | |||
| Icelandic | /j/ | |||
| Igbo | /dʒ/ | |||
| Indonesian | /dʒ/ | |||
| Japanese | /dʑ/~/ʑ/ | /ʑ/ and /dʑ/ singled-out in some dialects, see Yotsugana | ||
| Kiowa | /t/ | |||
| Konkani | /ɟ/ | |||
| Korean | Northward | /ts/ | ||
| /dz/ | after vowels | |||
| South | /tɕ/ | |||
| /dʑ/ | subsequently vowels | |||
| Kurdish | /ʒ/ | |||
| Luxembourgian | /j/ | |||
| /ʒ/ | Some loan words | |||
| Latvian | /j/ | |||
| Lithuanian | /j/ | |||
| Malay | /dʒ/ | |||
| Maltese | /j/ | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | /tɕ/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| /ʐ/ | Wade–Giles latinization | |||
| Manx | /dʒ/ | |||
| Norwegian | /j/ | |||
| Oromo | /dʒ/ | |||
| Pashto | /dz/ | |||
| Polish | /j/ | |||
| Portuguese | /ʒ/ | |||
| Romanian | /ʒ/ | |||
| Scots | /dʒ/ | |||
| Serbo-Croatian | /j/ | |||
| Shona | /dʒ/ | |||
| Slovak | /j/ | |||
| Slovenian | /j/ | |||
| Somali | /dʒ/ | |||
| Castilian | Standard | /x/ | ||
| Some dialects | /h/ | |||
| Swahili | /ɟ/ | |||
| Swedish | /j/ | |||
| Tamil | /dʑ/ | |||
| Tatar | /ʐ/ | |||
| Telugu | /dʒ/ | |||
| Turkish | /ʒ/ | |||
| Turkmen | /dʒ/ | |||
| Yoruba | /ɟ/ | |||
| Zulu | /dʒ/ | |||
English [edit]
In English language, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[7] Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to utilize ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Quondam English language (for example, iest and, later jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for case, hedge).[7] Afterwards, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English linguistic communication volume to brand a clear distinction between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was the King James Bible 1st Revision Cambridge 1629 and an English language grammar book published in 1633.[8] In loan words such as bijou or Dijon, ⟨j⟩ may correspond /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the utilise of /ʒ/ an example of hyperforeignism, a type of hypercorrection.[9] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually estimate with the voiceless glottal fricative .
In English language, ⟨j⟩ is the 4th to the lowest degree oft used letter of the alphabet in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, nonetheless, quite mutual in proper nouns, especially personal names.
Other languages [edit]
Germanic and Eastern-European languages [edit]
The great bulk of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is ordinarily represented by the alphabetic character ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English language, Scots and (to a bottom caste) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such every bit Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croation, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such equally Serbo-Croation and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower instance alphabetic character was chosen to exist used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the audio.
Romance languages [edit]
In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan (except Valencian), and Romanaian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (similar ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Valencian and Occitan it has the aforementioned audio than in English, /dʒ/. In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x/ or /h/,[10] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect.
Generally, ⟨j⟩ is not commonly present in modernistic standard Italian spelling. Only proper nouns (such every bit Jesi and Letojanni), Latin words (Juventus), or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. The proper nouns and Latin words are pronounced as the palatal approximant /j/, while words borrowed from strange languages tend to follow that language'south pronunciation of ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -two, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict in official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialectal spelling, e.k. Romanesco dialect ⟨ajo⟩ [ajo] (garlic; cf. Italian aglio [aʎo]). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he too wrote in his native Sicilian language, which notwithstanding uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its surround).[11]
Other European Languages [edit]
The Maltese linguistic communication is a Semitic linguistic communication, not a Romance language; but has been deeply influenced by them (peculiarly Sicilian) and it uses ⟨j⟩ for the audio /j/ (cognate of the Semitic yod).
In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a diversity of realizations according to the regional dialect: [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last ane is typical of Gipuzkoa).
Non-European languages [edit]
Among not-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.
⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of nearly of the Languages of Bharat such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for /dʑ/ in the Romanization of Japanese and Korean.
For Chinese languages, ⟨j⟩ stands for /t͡ɕ/ in Mandarin Chinese Pinyin organisation, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩ (/t͡ɕʰ/). In Wade–Giles, ⟨j⟩ stands for Mandarin Chinese /ʐ/. Pe̍h-ōe-jī of Hokkien and Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien, ⟨j⟩ stands for /z/ and /ʑ/, or /d͡z/ and /d͡ʑ/, depending on accents. In Jyutping for Cantonese, ⟨j⟩ stands for /j/.
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not employ the letter ⟨j⟩, although information technology is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).
In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].
In Greenlandic and in the Qaniujaaqpait spelling of the Inuktitut language, ⟨j⟩ is used to transcribe /j/.
[edit]
- 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
- I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
- ȷ : Dotless j
- ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke[12]
- ᶨ : Modifier letter small-scale j with crossed-tail[12]
- IPA-specific symbols related to J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J:
- U+1D0A ᴊ LATIN Letter Pocket-size Upper-case letter J [13]
- U+1D36 ᴶ MODIFIER Letter of the alphabet Upper-case letter J [thirteen]
- U+2C7C ⱼ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J [14]
- J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃
Computing codes [edit]
| Preview | J | j | ȷ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper noun | LATIN Capital letter LETTER J | LATIN Small-scale Letter J | LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J | |||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | december | hex |
| Unicode | 74 | U+004A | 106 | U+006A | 567 | U+0237 |
| UTF-eight | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A | 200 183 | C8 B7 |
| Numeric character reference | J | J | j | j | ȷ | ȷ |
| Named character reference | ȷ | |||||
| EBCDIC family | 209 | D1 | 145 | 91 | ||
| ASCII i | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A | ||
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Unicode likewise has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed to a higher place; Unicode further states that, for instance i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[15]
In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. Information technology is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[16] [17] An uppercase version of this letter of the alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version seven.0 in June 2014.[18] [19]
Wingdings smiley consequence [edit]
In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter of the alphabet "J" is rendered as a smiley face up (this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺︎). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[20] [21]
Other uses [edit]
- In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.
- In mathematics, j is one of the iii imaginary units of quaternions.
- As well in mathematics, j is i of the three unit vectors.
- In the Metric organization, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
- In some areas of physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is the symbol for the imaginary unit (the foursquare root of −one) (in other fields the letter i is used, merely this would be ambiguous as it is besides the symbol for current).
- A J can be a slang term for a articulation (marijuana cigarette)
- In the United kingdom under the old organization (earlier 2001), a licence plate that begins with "J" for example "J123 XYZ" would correspond to a vehicle registered between August 1, 1991 and July 31, 1992. Again nether the old system, a licence plate that ends with "J" for example "ABC 123J" would correspond to a vehicle that was registered between August ane, 1970 and July 31, 1971.[22]
Other representations [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ "J", Oxford English Lexicon, 2nd edition (1989)
- ^ "J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster'southward Third New International Dictionary of the English, Unabridged (1993)
- ^ "yod". Oxford English language Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Wörterbuchnetz". Retrieved 22 Dec 2016.
- ^ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource.
- ^ Trask, R. L. (Robert Lawrence), 1944-2004. (1997). The history of Basque. London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-13116-two. OCLC 34514667.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link) - ^ a b Hogg, Richard M.; Norman Francis Blake; Roger Lass; Suzanne Romaine; R. Due west. Burchfield; John Algeo (1992). The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN0-521-26476-6.
- ^ English Grammar, Charles Butler, 1633
- ^ Wells, John (1982). Accents of English language 1: An Introduction. Cambridge, United nations: Cambridge University Press. p. 108. ISBN0-521-29719-2.
- ^ Penny, Ralph John (2002). A History of the Spanish Language . Cambridge, U.k.: Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN0-521-01184-1.
- ^ Cipolla, Gaetano (2007). The Sounds of Sicilian: A Pronunciation Guide. Mineola, NY: Legas. pp. eleven–12. ISBN9781881901518 . Retrieved 2013-03-31 .
- ^ a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-nineteen). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ a b Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-twenty). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
- ^ The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom)
- ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
- ^ "Unicode Character 'GREEK Letter YOT' (U+03F3)". Retrieved 22 Dec 2016.
- ^ "Unicode: Greek and Coptic" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-06-26 .
- ^ "Unicode seven.0.0". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2014-06-26 .
- ^ Pirillo, Chris (26 June 2010). "J Smiley Outlook Electronic mail: Trouble and Ready!". Archived from the original on 26 Nov 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^ Chen, Raymond (23 May 2006). "That mysterious J". The Old New Thing. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2011-04-01 .
- ^ "Car Registration Years | Suffix Number Plates | Platehunter". www.platehunter.com . Retrieved 2018-12-20 .
External links [edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to J. |
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
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